DINAMIKA RADIKALISME DAN KONFLIK BERSENTIMEN KEAGAMAAN DI SURAKARTA
Keywords:
Radicalism, Terrorism, Social Conflict, Religious Issues
Abstract
This paper tries to search for religious portrait that supports the process of radicalization which is potential in rising social fragmentation; and to study process and dynamics of conflicts, and ethnic, social-economic, political, and intra and inter-religious based radicalism. This study finds out that: Firstly, Surakarta has been known as burning city in political and SARA issues in Central Java and national level. Facts has shown that since 1910 this city witnessed mass riots and amok which are nuanced by ethnic, religious, and political issues. Indeed, some riots outspread their excess and influences to other cities around, such as May 1998 and October 1999 tragedies. Secondly, ideologically Surakarta is one of the well known cities as the breeding ground of radical Islamic groups, and Javanese traditional belief (Kejawen), and they who still firmly grasp their ancestor values influenced by both Kasunanan and Mangkunegeran kingdoms. Lastly, some religious based conflicts and violence and terrorism seem to be contemporary trend of radicalism in Solo.
References
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_______, “Konflik Etnis Cina dan Jawa di Surakarta”, makalah tt.
ALI, Tariq, The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihads and Modernity, London, New York: Verso, 2002.
BARBER, Benjamin R, Jihad vs McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping the World, New York: Ballantine Books, 1995.
BPS SURAKARTA, Surakarta dalam Angka, Surakarta: BPS, 2007.
_______, Surakarta dalam Angka. Surakarta, BPS, 2002.
_______, Surakarta dalam Angka. Surakarta, BPS, 2000.
_______, Surakarta dalam Angka. Surakarta, BPS, 1997.
_______, Surakarta dalam Angka. Surakarta, BPS, 1987.
_______, Surakarta dalam Angka. Surakarta, BPS, 1977.
BROTODININGRAT, Arti Keraton Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta: Museum Keraton, 1987.
BUDI R, Muchus, “Setelah Tedjowulan, Hangabehi Dinobatkan Sebagai PB XIII”, Detiknews, 10 September 2004.
_______,”Setelah 13 Tahun Berjalan Program Nasi Murah Buka Puasa di GKJ Solo Dihentikan Polisi”, DetikNews, 28 Agustus 2009.
_______,”MUI Solo Gelar Tabligh Anti-Terorisme”, DetikNews, 25 September 2009.
BURUMA, Ian dan Margalith, Avishai, Occidentalism: The West in the Eyes of Its Enemies, New York: the Penguin Press, 2004.
DEVJI, Faisal, Landscapes of the Jihad: Militancy, Morality, Modernity, London: Hurst & Company, 2005.
EFFENDI, Bahtiar, Islam and the State in Indonesia, Singapore: ISEAS, 2003.
FADLY, “Spanduk Penolakan Penguburan Urwah dkk Meresahkan Warga Solo”, Arrahmah.com, Kamis 24 September 2009.
FANANIE, Zainuddin dkk, Radikalisme Keagamaan dan Perubahan Sosial, Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University Press dan The Asia Foundation, 2002.
Gatra.com, 31 Agustus 2005, “Kemelut Kraton Solo PB XIII Hangabehi dan Tedjowulan Sebaiknya Buka Hati”.
KOMUNITAS Informasi Terbuka, “Kemenangan untuk Ancaman Kekerasan: Laskar Corps Hizbullah Surakarta Mendatangi sebuah Stasiun Radio” http://www.minihub.org/siarlist/msg04951.html,2009,.
INTERNATIONAL Crisis Group Report, no. 10, 19 Desember 2000.
JAWA Pos Radar Solo, Sabtu, 26 September 2009, “MUI : Keluarga Punya Hak Memakamkan”. JUWONO, Benny, “Etnis Cina di Surakarta 1890-1927: Tinjauan Sosial Ekonomi,” dalam Lembaran Sejarah, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1999.
MEULEMAN, Johan ed., Islam in the Era of Globalization: Muslim Attitudes Towards Modernity and Identity, Jakarta: INIS, 2001.
MOHAMMAD, Herry dan Hidayat, Rachmat, “Rumah Ibadah: Massa Bergerak Pejabat Bertindak”, Gatra Nomor 44 Senin, 12 September 2005.
MULYADI, M. Hari dan Soedarmono dkk, Runtuhnya Kekuasaan Kraton Alit: Studi Radikalisasi Sosial “Wong Sala” dan Kerusuhan Mei 1998, Surakarta: LPTP, 1999.
NURHADIANTOMO, Konflik-konflik Sosial Pri-Non Pri dan Hukum Keadilan Sosial, Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University Press, 2004.
PRASETYO, Eko, Membela Agama Tuhan: Potret Gerakan Islam dalam Pusaran Konflik Global, Yogyakarta: Insist Press, 2003.
ROSYID, Imron, “Raja Kembar Solo Akhirnya Bertemu”, Tempointeraktif, 30 Agustus 2005.
SHIRAISHI, Takashi, Zaman Bergerak: Radikalisme Rakyat di Jawa 19121926, terj. Hilmar Farid, Jakarta: Grafiti, 1997.
SOEDARMONO, “Masyarakat Cina di Indonesia (Case Study in Surakarta)”, makalah disampaikan pada Seminar Nasional Sinologi Lembaga Kebudayaan Muhammadiyah Malang Malang, 3-4 Maret 2006.
SUATMAJI,” Abu Bakar Ba‘asyir Pimpin Pemakaman 2 Tersangka Teroris”, Poskota, 13 Agustus 2009.
SUGIARTOTO, Agus Dody, Perencanaan Pembangunan Partisipatif Kota Solo: Pendekatan Pembangunan Nguwongke Uwong, Surakarta: IPGI, 2003.
SURYADINATA, Leo., ed., Political Thinking of the Indonesian Chinese 19001995: A Sourcebook, Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1999.
SYAHIRUL, Anas, “Sering Jadi Persembunyian Teroris, Status Polwil Surakarta akan Diubah”, Tempo interaktif Solo, 4 Oktober 2004.
TADJOEDDIN, Mohammad Zulfan, “Anatomy of Social Violence in the Context of Transition: The Case of Indonesia 1990-2001”, UNSFIR working papers, 2002.
TEMPO, 24 Nopember 1990, “Memoar Paku Buwana XII”.
TEMPO, No. 03/11, 25 September 2001.
TEMPO, No. 03/11, 25 September-1 Oktober 2001.
THE JAKARTA POST, 2 Oktober 2001.
THE JAKARTA POST, 9 Oktober 2001.
THE STRAITS TMES, 27 September 2001.
